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zxc ®   29-Nov-2014 00:21

Maritime Engineering Reference Book (a guide to ship design, construction and operation)


Year: 2008
Language: english
Author: Tony Molland
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8987-8
Format: PDF
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 907
Description: Maritime engineering covers a wide range of scientific, technical and engineering topics, with supporting input on economic, legal and insurance matters. The Maritime Engineering Reference Book is designed to serve as a first point of reference for those wishing to know the basics and background information in the field of maritime engineering and to provide accessible references for those who wish to read about particular subjects in more detail.
This book is aimed at a broad readership including practicing naval architects, marine engineers and seagoing officers, together with scientists and engineers not specialized in the maritime field. It should be of use to students of naval architecture, ship science and marine engineering, and other science and engineering students with interests in marine matters. It should also appeal to others involved with maritime operations including financial and legal work, surveying, insurance and marine policy.
The contents have been chosen to provide an overview of maritime engineering, covering the physical features of the marine environment, marine vehicle types, ship and marine vehicle design, construction, operation and safety.
The extracts have been taken directly from the above source books, with some small editorial changes and additions. These changes have entailed the re-numbering of Sections and Figures, the linking of Sections within a Chapter, cross-referencing between Chapters and the insertion of additional and more recent references where appropriate. In view of the breadth of content and style of the source books, there is some overlap and repetition of material between Chapters and significant differences in style, but these features have been left in order to retain the flavour and readability of the individual Chapters.-The Chapters can be studied independently, depending on the interests of the reader. References
are provided at the end of each Chapter to facilitate access to some of the original sources of information and further depth of study where necessary.
Grateful appreciation is extended to the twenty-five authors of the source books from which this Reference Book has been compiled.
The Editor acknowledges the help and support of Lyndsey Dixon, Associate Editor, and her team for guidance in establishing the structure of the book and in bringing the book to publication.

The book is arranged into 12 Chapters:

  • 1 The marine environment
  • 2 Marine vehicle types
  • 3 Flotation and stability
  • 4 Ship structures
  • 5 Powering
  • 6 Marine engines and auxiliary machinery
  • 7 Seakeeping
  • 8 Manoeuvring
  • 9 Ship design, construction and operation
  • 10 Underwater vehicles
  • 11 Marine safety
  • 12 Glossary of terms and definitions

The book has been compiled using...

The book has been compiled using extracts from the following twenty books within the range of maritime books in the Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann collection:
  • Barrass, C.B. and Derrett, D.R. (2006) Ship Stability for Masters and Mates.
  • Barrass, C.B. (2004) Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates.
  • Bertram, V (1998) Practical Ship Hydrodynamics. Biran, A.B. (2003) Ship Hydrostatics and Stability. Carlton, J.S. (2007) Marine Propellers and Propulsion, 2nd Edition.
  • Christ, R.D. and Wemli, R.L. (2007) The ROV Manual.
  • Eyres, D.J. (2007) Ship Construction, 6th Edition.
  • Jensen, J.J. (2001) Load and Global Response of Ships.
  • Kobylinski, L.K. and Kastner, S. (2003) Stability and Safety of Ships.
  • Kristiansen, S. (2004) Maritime Transportation: Safety Management and Risk Analysis.
  • McGeorge, H.D. (1999) Marine Auxiliary Machinery, 7th Edition.
  • Molland, A.F. and Turnock, S.R. (2007) Marine Rudders and Control Surfaces.
  • Pillay, A. and Wang, J. (2003) Technology and Safety of Marine Systems.
  • Rawson, K.J. and Tupper, E.C. (2001) Basic Ship Theory, 5th Edition.
  • Schneekluth, H. and Bertram, V (1998) Ship Design for Efficiency and Economy.
  • Shenoi, R.A. and Dodkins, A.R. (2000) Design of Ships and Marine Structures Made from FRP Composite Materials, in Kelly. A. and Zweben, C. (eds), Comprehensive Composite Materials, Vol. 6, Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, UK.
  • Taylor, D.A. (1996) Introduction to Marine Engineering.
  • Tupper, E.C. (2004) Introduction to Naval Architecture, 4th Edition.
  • Watson, D.G.M. (1998) Practical Ship Design. Woodyard, D.F. (2004) Pounder’s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines, 8th Edition.

Contents

  • Preface .............................................................................. xvii
    -
  • 1. The Marine Environment ................................................... 1
  • 1.1 The ship in the marine environment ................................................... 3
  • 1.2 Wind ........................................................................................ 3
  • 1.3 Variations in level of sea surface ..................................................... 4
  • 1.4 Regular waves ............................................................................... 5
  • 1.4.1 The trochoid .................................................................. 5
  • 1.4.2 Higher order waves. Stokes and Airy Theory .................... 5
  • 1.5 The sinusoidal wave ...................................................................... 7
  • 1.5.1 Basic relationships to describe regular waves in deep water ...... 7
  • 1.5.2 Normal dispersion of a wave field ................................... 8
  • 1.5.3 Orbital motion of water particles in a wave ...................... 9
  • 1.6 Irregular waves ............................................................................ 10
  • 1.7 Spectrum formulae by Pierson/Moskowitz and Bretschneider ........... 12
  • 1.8 The JONSWAP sea spectrum ......................................................... 13
  • 1.9 Maximum wave height in a stationary random sea ........................... 13
  • 1.10 Long-term statistics of irregular seaway ....................................... 16
  • 1.11 Wave data from observations ........................................................ 17
  • 1.12 Wave climate ............................................................................. 18
  • 1.13 Freak waves ............................................................................... 20
  • 1.14 Oceanography ............................................................................. 21
  • 1.14.1 Distribution of water on earth ........................................ 22
  • 1.14.2 Properties of water ....................................................... 22
  • 1.14.2.1 Chlorophyll .................................................. 22
  • 1.14.2.2 Circulation ................................................... 23
  • 1.14.2.3 Compressibility ............................................. 24
  • 1.14.2.4 Conductivity ............................................... 25
  • 1.14.2.5 Density ...................................................... 25
  • 1.14.2.6 Depth ....................................................... 27
  • 1.14.2.7 Dissolved gases ............................................ 28
  • 1.14.2.8 Freshwater .................................................. 30
  • 1.14.2.9 Ionic concentration ........................................ 30
  • 1.14.2.10 Light and other electro-magnetic transmissions through water ...................................................... 30
  • 1.14.2.11 Pressure ................................................... 30
  • 1.14.2.12 Salt water and salinity ................................... 30
  • 1.14.2.13 Solar radiation ............................................ 30
  • 1.14.2.14 Sonic velocity and sound channels .................... 30
  • 1.14.2.15 Turbidity .................................................. 30
  • 1.14.2.16 Viscosity .................................................. 30
  • 1.14.2.17 Water quality ............................................. 30
  • 1.14.2.18 Water temperature ........................................ 30
  • 1.14.3 Coastal zone classifications and bottom types ................. 30
  • 1.15 Ambient air .............................................................................. 30
  • 1.16 Climatic extremes ...................................................................... 30
  • 1.17 Marine pollution ........................................................................ 30
  • References ...................................................................................... 30
    -
  • 2. Marine Vehicle Types ....................................................... 31
  • 2.1 Overview .................................................................................... 31
  • 2.2 Merchant ships ............................................................................ 31
  • 2.2.1 General cargo ships ...................................................... 31
  • 2.2.2 Container ships ............................................................ 31
  • 2.2.3 Roll-on roll-off ships (Ro-Ro ships) ............................... 31
  • 2.2.4 Car carriers .................................................................. 31
  • 2.2.5 Bulk cargo carriers ....................................................... 31
  • 2.2.5.1 Tankers ...................................................... 31
  • 2.2.5.2 Dry bulk carriers ........................................... 31
  • 2.2.6 Passenger ships ........................................................... 31
  • 2.2.7 Tugs ......................................................................... 31
  • 2.2.8 Icebreakers and ice strengthened ships ............................ 31
  • 2.2.9 Fishing vessels ............................................................ 31
  • 2.3 High speed craft ......................................................................... 64
  • 2.3.1 Monohulls .................................................................. 64
  • 2.3.2 Surface effect ships (SESs) ........................................... 64
  • 2.3.3 Hydrofoil craft ............................................................ 64
  • 2.3.4 Multi-hulled vessels ..................................................... 65
  • 2.3.5 Rigid inflatable boats (RIBs) ........................................ 66
  • 2.3.6 Comparison of high speed types ..................................... 66
  • 2.4 Yachts ...................................................................................... 66
  • 2.5 Warships ................................................................................... 68
  • 2.5.1 Stealth ....................................................................... 68
  • 2.5.2 Sensors ...................................................................... 68
  • 2.5.3 Own ship weapons ....................................................... 68
  • 2.5.4 Enemy weapons .......................................................... 69
  • 2.5.5 Sustaining damage ....................................................... 69
  • 2.5.6 Vulnerability studies .................................................... 69
  • 2.5.7 Types of warship ......................................................... 70
  • 2.5.7.1 Frigates and destroyers ................................... 70
  • 2.5.7.2 Mine countermeasures vessels .......................... 70
  • 2.5.7.3 Submarines .................................................. 71
  • References ...................................................................................... 73
    -
  • 3. Flotation and Stability ................................................... 75
  • 3.1 Equilibrium ................................................................................ 77
  • 3.1.1 Equilibrium of a body floating in still water ..................... 77
  • 3.1.2 Underwater volume ...................................................... 77
  • 3.2 Stability at small angles ............................................................. 79
  • 3.2.1 Concept ..................................................................... 79
  • 3.2.2 Transverse metacentre .................................................. 81
  • 3.2.3 Transverse metacentre for simple geometrical forms ........... 82
  • 3.2.4 Metacentric diagrams ................................................... 83
  • 3.2.5 Longitudinal stability ................................................... 83
  • 3.3 Hydrostatic curves ..................................................................... 84
  • 3.3.1 Surface ships .............................................................. 84
  • 3.3.2 Fully submerged bodies ................................................ 84
  • 3.4 Problems in trim and stability ..................................................... 85
  • 3.4.1 Determination of displacement from observed draughts ...... 85
  • 3.4.2 Longitudinal position of the centre of gravity .................. 85
  • 3.4.3 Direct determination of displacement and position of G .... 86
  • 3.4.4 Heel due to moving weight ........................................... 86
  • 3.4.5 Wall-sided ship .......................................................... 86
  • 3.4.6 Suspended weights ...................................................... 87
  • 3.5 Free surfaces ............................................................................. 87
  • 3.5.1 Effect of liquid free surfaces ......................................... 87
  • 3.6 The inclining experiment ............................................................ 88
  • 3.7 Stability at large angles ............................................................. 89
  • 3.7.1 Atwood's formula ........................................................ 89
  • 3.7.2 Curves of statical stability ............................................ 89
  • 3.7.3 Metacentric height in the lolled condition ....................... 91
  • 3.7.4 Cross curves of stability ............................................... 91
  • 3.7.5 Curves of statical stability from cross curves ................... 91
  • 3.7.6 Features of the statical stability curve ............................ 91
  • 3.8 Weight movements .................................................................... 92
  • 3.8.1 Transverse movement of weight ..................................... 92
  • 3.9 Dynamical stability .................................................................... 93
  • 3.10 Flooding and damaged stability .................................................. 94
  • 3.10.1 Background .............................................................. 94
  • 3.10.2 Sinkage and trim when a compartment is open to the sea ... 94
  • 3.10.3 Stability in the damaged condition ................................ 96
  • 3.10.4 Asymmetrical flooding ............................................... 96
  • 3.10.5 Floodable length ....................................................... 96
  • 3.11 Intact stability regulations ......................................................... 98
  • 3.11.1 Introduction ............................................................. 98
  • 3.11.2 The IMO code on intact stability .................................. 98
  • 3.11.2.1 Passenger and cargo ships ............................. 98
  • 3.11.2.2 Cargo ships carrying timber deck cargoes ......... 101
  • 3.11.2.3 Fishing vessels ........................................... 101
  • 3.11.2.4 Mobile offshore drilling units ........................ 101
  • 3.11.2.5 Dynamically supported craft ......................... 101
  • 3.11.2.6 Container ships greater than 100 m ................ 102
  • 3.11.2.7 Icing ....................................................... 102
  • 3.11.2.8 Inclining and rolling tests ............................. 102
  • 3.11.2.9 High-speed craft ........................................ 102
  • 3.11.3 Regulations of the US Navy ........................................ 103
  • 3.11.4 Regulations of the UK Navy ........................................ 106
  • 3.11.5 A criterion for sail vessels ......................................... 107
  • 3.11.6 A Code of practice for small workboats and pilot boats ... 108
  • 3.11.7 Regulations for internal water vessels .......................... 109
  • 3.11.7.1 EC regulations ......................................... 109
  • 3.11.7.2 Swiss regulations ....................................... 109
  • 3.11.8 Summary of intact stability regulations ......................... 109
  • 3.12 Damage stability regulations ..................................................... 110
  • 3.12.1 SOLAS .................................................................. 110
  • 3.12.2 Probabilistic regulations ............................................ 111
  • 3.12.3 The US Navy .......................................................... 112
  • 3.12.4 The UK Navy .......................................................... 113
  • 3.12.5 The German Navy ..................................................... 113
  • 3.12.6 A code for large commercial sailing or motor vessels ....... 114
  • 3.12.7 A code for small workboats and pilot boats ................... 114
  • 3.12.8 EC regulations for internal water vessels ...................... 114
  • References .................................................................................... 114
    -
  • 4. Ship Structures ........................................................... 116
  • 4.1 Main hull strength ..................................................................... 118
  • 4.1.1 Introduction ............................................................. 118
  • 4.1.2 The standard calculation .............................................. 119
  • 4.1.2.1 The wave ................................................... 120
  • 4.1.2.2 Weight distribution ....................................... 121
  • 4.1.2.3 Buoyancy and balance .................................. 122
  • 4.1.2.4 Loading, shearing force and bending moment ...... 123
  • 4.1.2.5 Second moment of area ................................ 123
  • 4.1.2.6 Bending stresses ......................................... 125
  • 4.1.2.7 Shear stresses ............................................ 126
  • 4.1.2.8 Influence lines ............................................ 126
  • 4.1.2.9 Changes to section modulus .......................... 129
  • 4.1.2.10 Slopes and deflections ................................ 129
  • 4.1.2.11 Horizontal flexure ..................................... 130
  • 4.1.2.12 Behaviour of a hollow box girder .................. 130
  • 4.1.2.13 Wave pressure correction ............................ 131
  • 4.1.2.14 Longitudinal strength standards by rule ........... 132
  • 4.1.2.15 Full scale trials ......................................... 134
  • 4.1.2.16 The nature of failure .................................. 134
  • 4.1.2.17 Realistic assessment of longitudinal strength .... 135
  • 4.1.2.18 Realistic assessment of loading longitudinally ... 136
  • 4.1.2.19 Realistic structural response ......................... 137
  • 4.1.2.20 Assessment of structural safety ..................... 140
  • 4.1.2.21 Hydroelastic analysis .................................. 142
  • 4.1.2.22 Slamming ................................................ 142
  • 4.1.3 Material considerations .............................................. 142
  • 4.1.3.1 Geometrical discontinuities ........................... 142
  • 4.1.3.2 Built-in stress concentrations ......................... 143
  • 4.1.3.3 Crack extension, brittle fracture .................... 144
  • 4.1.3.4 Fatigue ..................................................... 146
  • 4.1.3.5 Discontinuities in structural design ................. 147
  • 4.1.3.6 Superstructures and deckhouses .................... 147
  • 4.2 Structural design and analysis ................................................... 149
  • 4.2.1 Introduction ............................................................. 149
  • 4.2.1.1 Overview .................................................. 149
  • 4.2.1.2 Loading and failure ..................................... 149
  • 4.2.1.3 Structural units of a ship ............................... 150
  • 4.2.2 Stiffened plating ....................................................... 151
  • 4.2.2.1 Simple beams ............................................. 151
  • 4.2.2.2 Grillages ................................................... 151
  • 4.2.2.3 Swedged plating .......................................... 155
  • 4.2.2.4 Comprehensive treatment of stiffened plating ..... 155
  • 4.2.3 Panels of plating ....................................................... 155
  • 4.2.3.1 Behaviour of panels under lateral loading ......... 155
  • 4.2.3.2 Available results for flat plates under lateral pressure .................................................... 156
  • 4.2.3.3 Buckling of panels ....................................... 159
  • 4.2.4 Frameworks ............................................................. 159
  • 4.2.4.1 Overview .................................................. 159
  • 4.2.4.2 Methods of analysis ..................................... 161
  • 4.2.4.3 Elastic stability of a frame ............................. 166
  • 4.2.4.4 End constraint ............................................ 167
  • 4.2.5 Finite element analysis (FEA) ....................................... 168
  • 4.2.6 Realistic assessment of structural elements ..................... 169
  • 4.2.7 Composite materials .................................................. 170
  • 4.3 Ship vibration ......................................................................... 171
  • 4.3.1 Overview ................................................................. 171
  • 4.3.2 Flexural vibrations ...................................................... 172
  • 4.3.3 Torsional vibrations .................................................... 172
  • 4.3.4 Coupling .................................................................. 172
  • 4.3.5 Formulae for ship vibration ......................................... 173
  • 4.3.6 Direct calculation of vibration ..................................... 173
  • 4.3.7 Approximate formulae ............................................... 174
  • 4.3.8 Amplitudes of vibration ............................................... 175
  • 4.3.9 Checking vibration levels ............................................. 175
  • 4.3.10 Reducing vibration ................................................... 175
  • 4.3.11 Propeller-induced forces ............................................ 175
  • 4.3.12 Vibration testing of equipment .................................... 178
  • References .................................................................................... 178
    -
  • 5. Powering ..................................................................... 181
  • 5.1 Resistance and propulsion .......................................................... 183
  • 5.1.1 Froude's analysis procedure ......................................... 183
  • 5.1.2 Components of calm water resistance ............................ 184
  • 5.1.2.1 Wave making resistance ................................ 184
  • 5.1.2.2 The contribution of the bulbous bow ................ 188
  • 5.1.2.3 Transom immersion resistance ........................ 190
  • 5.1.2.4 Viscous form resistance ................................. 190
  • 5.1.2.5 Naked hull skin friction resistance .................. 191
  • 5.1.2.6 Appendage skin friction ............................... 192
  • 5.1.2.7 Viscous resistance ....................................... 192
  • 5.1.3 Methods of resistance evaluation .................................. 195
  • 5.1.3.1 Traditional and standard series analysis methods .. 195
  • 5.1.3.2 Regression-based methods ............................. 197
  • 5.1.3.3 Direct model tests ....................................... 200
  • 5.1.3.4 Computational fluid dynamics ........................ 206
  • 5.1.4 Propulsive coefficients ................................................ 210
  • 5.1.4.1 Relative rotative efficiency ............................ 211
  • 5.1.4.2 Thrust deduction factor ............................... 211
  • 5.1.4.3 Hull efficiency ............................................ 212
  • 5.1.4.4 Quasi-propulsive coefficient .......................... 213
  • 5.1.5 Influence of rough water ............................................. 213
  • 5.1.6 Restricted water effects .............................................. 214
  • 5.1.7 High-speed hull form resistance ................................... 215
  • 5.1.7.1 Standard series data .................................... 216
  • 5.1.7.2 Model test data ........................................... 216
  • 5.1.7.3 Summary of problems for fast and unconventional ships ................................................... 217
  • 5.1.8 Air resistance ........................................................... 220
  • 5.2 Wake ..................................................................................... 220
  • 5.2.1 General wake field characteristics .................................. 220
  • 5.2.2 Wake field definition ................................................... 222
  • 5.2.3 The nominal wake field ................................................ 223
  • 5.2.4 Estimation of wake field parameters .............................. 225
  • 5.2.5 Effective wake field .................................................... 228
  • 5.2.6 Wake field scaling ...................................................... 230
  • 5.3 Propeller performance characteristics ......................................... 233
  • 5.3.1 General open water characteristics ................................ 233
  • 5.3.2 Effect of cavitation on open water characteristics ............ 239
  • 5.3.3 Propeller scale effects ................................................. 239
  • 5.3.4 Specific propeller open water characteristics .................... 243
  • 5.3.4.1 Fixed pitch propellers .................................. 243
  • 5.3.4.2 Controllable pitch propellers .......................... 243
  • 5.3.4.3 Ducted propellers ........................................ 245
  • 5.3.4.4 High-speed propellers .................................. 246
  • 5.3.5 Standard series data ................................................... 246
  • 5.4 Propeller theories .................................................................... 247
  • 5.4.1 Early theories ........................................................... 247
  • 5.4.2 Lifting surface models ................................................ 248
  • 5.4.3 Lifting-line-lifting-surface hybrid models ....................... 249
  • 5.4.4 Vortex lattice methods ................................................ 250
  • 5.4.5 Boundary element methods ........................................... 254
  • 5.4.6 Methods for specialist propulsors .................................. 256
  • 5.4.7 Computational fluid dynamics methods ........................... 258
  • 5.5 Cavitation ............................................................................... 259
  • 5.5.1 The basic physics of cavitation ..................................... 260
  • 5.5.2 Types of cavitation experienced by propellers ................. 265
  • 5.5.3 Cavitation considerations in design ................................ 272
  • 5.6 Propeller design ....................................................................... 282
  • 5.6.1 The design and analysis loop ........................................ 282
  • 5.6.2 Design constraints ...................................................... 283
  • 5.6.3 Choice of propeller type .............................................. 284
  • 5.6.4 The propeller design basis ............................................ 287
  • 5.6.5 Use of standard series data in design ............................. 292
  • 5.6.5.1 Determination of diameter ............................. 292
  • 5.6.5.2 Determination of mean pitch ratio .................... 293
  • 5.6.5.3 Determination of open water efficiency ............. 293
  • 5.6.5.4 Required propeller rpm to give required PD or PE ..................................................... 293
  • 5.6.5.5 Determination of propeller thrust at given conditions ........................................... 295
  • 5.6.5.6 Effects of cavitation ..................................... 295
  • 5.6.6 Design considerations .................................................. 295
  • 5.6.6.1 Direction of rotation ..................................... 295
  • 5.6.6.2 Blade number ............................................. 297
  • 5.6.6.3 Diameter, pitch-diameter ratio and rotational speed ................................................. 298
  • 5.6.6.4 Blade area ratio ........................................... 298
  • 5.6.6.5 Section form .............................................. 299
  • 5.6.6.6 Cavitation ................................................. 299
  • 5.6.6.7 Skew ........................................................ 299
  • 5.6.6.8 Hub form .................................................. 299
  • 5.6.6.9 Shaft inclination ......................................... 300
  • 5.6.6.10 Duct form ................................................ 300
  • 5.6.6.11 The balance between propulsion efficiency and cavitation effects ................................... 300
  • 5.6.6.12 Propeller tip considerations ........................... 301
  • 5.6.6.13 Propellers operating in partial hull tunnels ....... 302
  • 5.6.6.14 Composite propeller blades .......................... 302
  • 5.6.6.15 The propeller basic design process ................. 303
  • 5.6.7 The design process ..................................................... 303
  • 5.7 Service performance and analysis ............................................... 309
  • 5.7.1 Effects of weather ...................................................... 309
  • 5.7.2 Hull roughness and fouling .......................................... 309
  • 5.7.3 Hull drag reduction ..................................................... 317
  • 5.7.4 Propeller roughness and fouling .................................... 317
  • 5.7.5 Generalized equations for the roughness-induced power penalties in ship operation ......................... 321
  • 5.7.6 Monitoring ship performance ........................................ 324
  • References .................................................................................... 334
    -
  • 6. Marine Engines and Auxiliary Machinery ....................... 344
  • 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 346
  • 6.2 Propulsion systems ................................................................... 346
  • 6.2.1 Fixed pitch propellers .................................................. 346
  • 6.2.2 Ducted propellers ....................................................... 348
  • 6.2.3 Podded and azimuthing propulsors ................................ 350
  • 6.2.4 Contra-rotating propellers ............................................ 351
  • 6.2.5 Overlapping propellers ................................................ 352
  • 6.2.6 Tandem propellers ...................................................... 353
  • 6.2.7 Controllable pitch propellers ........................................ 353
  • 6.2.8 Waterjet propulsion ..................................................... 356
  • 6.2.9 Cycloidal propellers .................................................... 357
  • 6.2.10 Paddle wheels ........................................................... 357
  • 6.2.11 Magnetohydrodynamic propulsion ................................. 359
  • 6.2.12 Superconducting motors for marine propulsion ................ 362
  • 6.3 Diesel engine performance ....................................................... 362
  • 6.3.1 Rating ...................................................................... 362
  • 6.3.2 Maximum rating ......................................................... 362
  • 6.3.3 Exhaust temperatures .................................................. 364
  • 6.3.4 Derating ................................................................... 365
  • 6.3.5 Mean effective pressures .............................................. 365
  • 6.3.6 Propeller slip ............................................................. 365
  • 6.3.7 Propeller law ............................................................. 366
  • 6.3.8 Fuel coefficient .......................................................... 366
  • 6.3.9 Admiralty coefficient ................................................... 366
  • 6.3.10 Apparent propeller slip ............................................... 367
  • 6.3.11 Propeller performance ................................................. 367
  • 6.3.12 Power build-up ......................................................... 367
  • 6.3.13 Trailing and locking of propeller .................................. 368
  • 6.3.14 Astern running .......................................................... 368
  • 6.4 Engine and plant selection ....................................................... 370
  • 6.4.1 Introduction ............................................................. 370
  • 6.4.2 Diesel-mechanical drives .............................................. 373
  • 6.4.2.1 Overview .................................................. 373
  • 6.4.2.2 Auxiliary power generation ............................ 373
  • 6.4.2.3 Geared drives ............................................. 374
  • 6.4.2.4 Father-and-son layouts ................................. 374
  • 6.4.3 Diesel-electric drive .................................................... 375
  • 6.4.3.1 Overview .................................................. 375
  • 6.4.3.2 Flexibility of layout ...................................... 377
  • 6.4.3.3 Load diversity ............................................ 378
  • 6.4.3.4 Economical part load running ......................... 378
  • 6.4.3.5 Ease of control ........................................... 379
  • 6.4.3.6 Low noise .................................................. 379
  • 6.4.3.7 Environmental protection and ship safety ............ 379
  • 6.4.3.8 Podded propulsors ........................................ 379
  • 6.4.3.9 Combined systems ....................................... 380
  • 6.5 Propulsion engines .................................................................. 381
  • 6.5.1 Diesel engines ........................................................... 381
  • 6.5.1.1 Low speed engines ....................................... 381
  • 6.5.1.2 Medium speed engines .................................. 390
  • 6.5.1.3 High speed engines ...................................... 399
  • 6.5.2 Gas turbines ............................................................. 403
  • 6.5.2.1 Overview .................................................. 403
  • 6.5.2.2 Plant configurations ...................................... 404
  • 6.5.2.3 Cycles and efficiency .................................... 406
  • 6.5.2.4 Emissions .................................................. 409
  • 6.5.2.5 Lubrication ................................................ 410
  • 6.5.2.6 Air filtration ............................................... 411
  • 6.5.2.7 Marine gas turbine designs ............................. 412
  • 6.5.3 Steam turbines .......................................................... 414
  • 6.5.3.1 Introduction .............................................. 414
  • 6.5.3.2 Turbine types ............................................. 414
  • 6.5.3.3 Astern arrangements .................................... 416
  • 6.5.3.4 Turbine construction .................................... 416
  • 6.6 Auxiliary machinery and equipment ........................................... 417
  • 6.6.1 Ship service systems ................................................... 418
  • 6.6.1.1 Bilge systems ............................................. 418
  • 6.6.1.2 Oil/water separators ..................................... 420
  • 6.6.1.3 Ballast arrangements .................................... 425
  • 6.6.1.4 Domestic water systems ................................ 426
  • 6.6.1.5 Sewage systems .......................................... 436
  • 6.6.1.6 Incinerators ............................................... 439
  • 6.6.2 Shafting and propellers ............................................... 439
  • 6.6.2.1 Overview .................................................. 439
  • 6.6.2.2 Thrust block ............................................... 440
  • 6.6.2.3 Shaft bearings ............................................ 443
  • 6.6.2.4 Sterntube bearing ........................................ 443
  • 6.6.2.5 Sterntube seals ........................................... 444
  • 6.6.2.6 Shafting .................................................... 444
  • 6.6.2.7 Propeller ................................................... 444
  • 6.6.2.8 Propeller mounting ...................................... 445
  • 6.6.2.9 Controllable-pitch propeller ............................ 445
  • 6.6.2.10 Cavitation ................................................ 445
  • 6.6.2.11 Propeller maintenance ................................. 445
  • 6.6.3 Steering gear ........................................................... 446
  • 6.6.3.1 Overview .................................................. 446
  • 6.6.3.2 Variable delivery pumps ................................ 448
  • 6.6.3.3 Telemotor control ........................................ 448
  • 6.6.3.4 Electrical control ......................................... 450
  • 6.6.3.5 Power units ................................................ 452
  • 6.6.3.6 All-electric steering ...................................... 458
  • 6.6.3.7 Twin-system steering gears ............................ 458
  • 6.6.3.8 Steering gear testing .................................... 461
  • 6.7 Instrumentation and control ...................................................... 461
  • 6.7.1 Instrumentation ......................................................... 461
  • 6.7.2 Control .................................................................... 462
  • 6.7.2.1 Control theory ............................................ 462
  • 6.7.2.2 Transmitters ............................................... 463
  • 6.7.2.3 Controller action .......................................... 465
  • 6.7.2.4 Controllers ................................................. 467
  • 6.7.2.5 Correcting unit ............................................ 469
  • 6.7.2.6 Control systems ........................................... 470
  • 6.7.2.7 Centralized control ....................................... 475
  • 6.7.2.8 Unattended machinery spaces ......................... 475
  • 6.7.2.9 Bridge control ............................................. 475
  • 6.7.2.10 Integrated control ........................................ 480
  • References .................................................................................... 481
    -
  • 7. Seakeeping ................................................................. 483
  • 7.1 Seakeeping qualities ................................................................. 485
  • 7.1.1 Motions .................................................................... 485
  • 7.1.2 Speed and power in waves ............................................ 485
  • 7.1.3 Wetness .................................................................... 485
  • 7.1.4 Slamming .................................................................. 485
  • 7.1.5 Ship routing ............................................................... 485
  • 7.1.6 Importance of good seakeeping ...................................... 485
  • 7.2 Ship motions ........................................................................... 486
  • 7.2.1 Degrees of freedom ..................................................... 486
  • 7.2.2 Undamped motion in still water ...................................... 486
  • 7.2.2.1 Rolling ....................................................... 487
  • 7.2.2.2 Heaving ..................................................... 487
  • 7.2.3 Damped motion in still water ......................................... 488
  • 7.2.4 Approximate period of roll ........................................... 488
  • 7.2.5 Motion in regular waves ............................................... 489
  • 7.2.5.1 Assumptions ............................................... 489
  • 7.2.5.2 Rolling in a beam sea .................................... 489
  • 7.2.5.3 Pitching and heaving ..................................... 490
  • 7.2.6 Presentation of motion data .......................................... 490
  • 7.2.7 Motion in irregular seas ............................................... 492
  • 7.2.8 Motion in oblique seas ................................................. 496
  • 7.2.9 Surge, sway and yaw ................................................... 496
  • 7.2.9.1 Surge ........................................................ 497
  • 7.2.9.2 Sway ........................................................ 497
  • 7.2.9.3 Yaw .......................................................... 497
  • 7.2.10 Large amplitude rolling ............................................... 497
  • 7.2.11 Roll excitation and influence of speed and heading ............ 499
  • 7.2.11.1 Motion directions of rigid body ...................... 499
  • 7.2.11.2 Mass moment of inertia ................................ 501
  • 7.2.11.3 Linear restoring moment ............................... 501
  • 7.2.11.4 Natural roll period ....................................... 502
  • 7.2.11.5 Roll damping ............................................. 503
  • 7.2.11.6 GM-T0 relationship and rolling period test ........ 504
  • 7.2.11.7 Modes of roll excitation in a seaway ............... 505
  • 7.2.11.8 Ship roll in beam seas .................................. 506
  • 7.2.11.9 Roll in beam seas at large amplitudes .............. 508
  • 7.2.11.10 GZ-Variation in longitudinal waves ............... 509
  • 7.2.11.11 Encounter period of ship and waves ............... 513
  • 7.2.11.12 Encounter frequency .................................. 515
  • 7.2.11.13 Wave group of two regular waves ................. 515
  • 7.2.11.14 Wave encounter of a ship in irregular seas ....... 521
  • 7.2.11.15 Wave energy and encounter spectra ............... 523
  • 7.2.11.16 Relevant frequencies of the spectrum and encounter ................................................. 523
  • 7.2.11.17 Bandwidth of the transformed sea spectrum ...... 526
  • 7.2.11.18 Irregular time series of wave encounter .......... 527
  • 7.3 Limiting seakeeping criteria ...................................................... 529
  • 7.3.1 Limiting criteria ......................................................... 529
  • 7.3.1.1 Speed and power in waves .............................. 530
  • 7.3.1.2 Slamming ................................................... 531
  • 7.3.1.3 Wetness ..................................................... 537
  • 7.3.1.4 Propeller emergence ...................................... 537
  • 7.3.1.5 Degradation of human performance ................. 537
  • 7.4 Overall seakeeping performance ................................................ 538
  • 7.5 Data for seakeeping assessments ............................................... 541
  • 7.5.1 Selection of wave data ................................................ 541
  • 7.5.2 Obtaining response amplitude operators .......................... 543
  • 7.5.2.1 Theory ....................................................... 543
  • 7.5.2.2 Model experiments ........................................ 543
  • 7.5.2.3 Ship trials ................................................... 544
  • 7.6 Non-linear effects ..................................................................... 544
  • 7.7 Numerical prediction of seakeeping ............................................ 545
  • 7.7.1 Overview of computational methods ............................... 545
  • 7.7.2 Strip theory .............................................................. 547
  • 7.7.3 Rankine singularity methods ......................................... 551
  • 7.7.4 Problems for fast and unconventional ships ...................... 552
  • 7.7.5 Further quantities in regular waves ................................ 554
  • 7.7.6 Ship responses in stationary seaway ............................... 555
  • 7.7.7 Simulation methods ..................................................... 556
  • 7.7.8 Long-term distributions ................................................ 557
  • 7.8 Experiments and trials .............................................................. 558
  • 7.8.1 Test facilities ............................................................ 558
  • 7.8.2 Ship seakeeping trials ................................................. 558
  • 7.8.3 Stabilizer trials .......................................................... 560
  • 7.9 Improving seakeeping performance ............................................ 560
  • 7.9.1 Design and operational changes ..................................... 560
  • 7.9.2 Influence of form on seakeeping .................................... 561
  • 7.9.3 Summary ................................................................. 561
  • 7.10 Ship motion control ................................................................. 562
  • 7.10.1 Background ............................................................. 562
  • 7.10.2 Roll stabilization ....................................................... 562
  • 7.10.2.1 Stabilization systems ................................... 562
  • 7.10.2.2 Comparison of principal systems .................... 564
  • 7.10.2.3 Performance of stabilizing systems ................. 564
  • 7.10.2.4 Fin stabilizers: Design procedure .................... 567
  • 7.10.3 Pitch damping .......................................................... 573
  • 7.10.3.1 Pitch damping fins ...................................... 573
  • 7.10.3.2 Transom flaps ............................................ 574
  • 7.10.3.3 Interceptors ............................................... 574
  • References .................................................................................... 575
    -
  • 8. Manoeuvring ............................................................... 578
  • 8.1 General concepts ...................................................................... 580
  • 8.2 Directional stability ................................................................... 580
  • 8.3 Stability and control of surface ships .......................................... 581
  • 8.4 Rudder action ........................................................................... 583
  • 8.5 Limitations of theory ................................................................. 584
  • 8.6 Assessment of manoeuvrability .................................................. 584
  • 8.6.1 Turning circle ............................................................. 584
  • 8.6.1.1 Drift angle .................................................. 585
  • 8.6.1.2 Advance ..................................................... 585
  • 8.6.1.3 Transfer ..................................................... 585
  • 8.6.1.4 Tactical diameter ......................................... 585
  • 8.6.1.5 Diameter of steady turning circle .................... 585
  • 8.6.1.6 Pivoting point ............................................. 585
  • 8.7 Loss of speed on turn ............................................................... 586
  • 8.8 Heel when turning .................................................................... 586
  • 8.9 Turning ability ......................................................................... 587
  • 8.9.1 Zig-zag manoeuvre ...................................................... 587
  • 8.9.2 Spiral manoeuvre ........................................................ 588
  • 8.9.3 Pull-out manoeuvre ..................................................... 588
  • 8.10 Standards for manoeuvring and directional stability ....................... 589
  • 8.11 Dynamic positioning ................................................................. 590
  • 8.12 Automatic control systems ........................................................ 590
  • 8.13 Ship interaction ...................................................................... 591
  • 8.13.1 Interaction ............................................................... 591
  • 8.13.2 Ship to ground (squat) interaction ............................... 592
  • 8.13.3 Ship to ship interaction .............................................. 593
  • 8.13.4 Ship to shore interaction ............................................ 598
  • 8.13.5 Summary ................................................................. 598
  • 8.14 Shallow water/bank effects ....................................................... 598
  • 8.15 Broaching .............................................................................. 599
  • 8.16 Experimental approaches .......................................................... 599
  • 8.16.1 Manoeuvring tests in sea trials .................................... 599
  • 8.16.2 Model tests .............................................................. 599
  • 8.17 CFD for ship manoeuvring ........................................................ 600
  • 8.18 Stability and control of submarines ............................................. 603
  • 8.18.1 Control requirements and equations .............................. 603
  • 8.18.2 Experiments and trials ............................................... 605
  • 8.18.3 Design assessment ..................................................... 606
  • 8.19 Rudders and control surfaces .................................................... 606
  • 8.19.1 Control surfaces and applications ................................. 606
  • 8.19.1.1 Rudder types ............................................. 607
  • 8.19.1.2 Hydroplanes .............................................. 609
  • 8.19.1.3 Efficiency of control surfaces ......................... 609
  • 8.19.2 Presentation of rudder data ......................................... 609
  • 8.19.3 Rudder design within the ship design process ................ 611
  • 8.19.4 Detailed rudder design ............................................... 612
  • 8.19.4.1 Background ............................................... 612
  • 8.19.4.2 Rudder design process ................................. 615
  • 8.19.5 Rudder manoeuvring forces ........................................ 621
  • 8.19.5.1 Rudder forces ............................................ 621
  • 8.19.5.2 Hull upstream ............................................ 621
  • 8.19.5.3 Influence of drift angle ................................ 621
  • 8.19.5.4 Low and zero speed and four quadrants ............ 622
  • 8.19.6 Numerical modelling of rudder .................................... 627
  • 8.19.6.1 Available methods ....................................... 627
  • 8.19.6.2 Potential flow methods ................................. 627
  • 8.19.6.3 Navier-Stokes methods ................................. 628
  • 8.19.6.4 Rudder-propeller interaction .......................... 629
  • 8.19.6.5 Unsteady behaviour ..................................... 630
  • 8.19.7 Guidelines for rudder design ...................................... 630
  • References .................................................................................... 631
    -
  • 9. Ship Design, Construction and Operation ....................... 636
  • 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 638
  • 9.2 Ship design .............................................................................. 638
  • 9.2.1 Overview .................................................................. 638
  • 9.2.1.1 General ...................................................... 638
  • 9.2.1.2 Ship design process ....................................... 639
  • 9.2.2 Technical ship design .................................................. 639
  • 9.2.2.1 Principal requirements .................................... 639
  • 9.2.2.2 Specification ................................................ 640
  • 9.2.3 Deadweight determined designs .................................... 641
  • 9.2.3.1 Deadweight and dimensions ............................ 641
  • 9.2.3.2 Cargo capacity check ..................................... 642
  • 9.2.3.3 Summary of overall model: Deadweight approach ... 643
  • 9.2.4 Capacity (or space) determined designs .......................... 643
  • 9.2.4.1 Cargo ships ................................................. 643
  • 9.2.4.2 Passenger ships ............................................ 643
  • 9.2.4.3 Container ships ............................................ 645
  • 9.2.4.4 High speed passenger/vehicle ferries ................. 646
  • 9.2.5 Stability check .......................................................... 647
  • 9.2.6 Lightship mass estimates ............................................. 649
  • 9.2.6.1 Steel mass .................................................. 649
  • 9.2.6.2 Outfit mass ................................................. 651
  • 9.2.6.3 Machinery mass ........................................... 652
  • 9.2.6.4 Margin ....................................................... 652
  • 9.2.6.5 Masses of fast ferries ..................................... 652
  • 9.2.6.6 Vertical centre of gravity (KG) ........................ 653
  • 9.2.7 Design of ship lines .................................................... 653
  • 9.2.7.1 Sectional area curve (SAC) - definitions ............ 653
  • 9.2.7.2 Modifications to sectional area curve ............... 653
  • 9.2.7.3 Sectional area curve transformations ................ 654
  • 9.2.7.4 Preparation of body plan ............................... 655
  • 9.2.8 Statutory regulations .................................................. 657
  • 9.2.9 Concept design content: example .................................. 657
  • 9.3 Materials ............................................................................... 657
  • 9.3.1 Introduction ............................................................. 657
  • 9.3.2 Steel ....................................................................... 659
  • 9.3.2.1 Manufacture of steel ..................................... 659
  • 9.3.2.2 Heat treatment of steels ................................ 660
  • 9.3.2.3 Steel sections .............................................. 660
  • 9.3.2.4 Shipbuilding steels ....................................... 660
  • 9.3.2.5 High tensile steels ....................................... 661
  • 9.3.2.6 Corrosion resistant steels .............................. 661
  • 9.3.2.7 Steel sandwich panels ................................... 662
  • 9.3.2.8 Steel castings ............................................. 662
  • 9.3.2.9 Steel forgings ............................................. 662
  • 9.3.3 Aluminium alloy ........................................................ 662
  • 9.3.3.1 General ..................................................... 662
  • 9.3.3.2 Production of aluminium ............................... 663
  • 9.3.3.3 Aluminium alloy sandwich panels .................... 664
  • 9.3.3.4 Fire protection ............................................. 665
  • 9.3.4 Composite materials ................................................... 665
  • 9.3.4.1 Overview .................................................. 665
  • 9.3.4.2 Introduction ............................................... 665
  • 9.3.4.3 Materials selection ....................................... 665
  • 9.3.4.4 Design concepts ........................................... 671
  • 9.3.4.5 Design synthesis .......................................... 675
  • 9.3.4.6 External issues ............................................ 682
  • 9.3.5 Corrosion ............................................................... 683
  • 9.3.5.1 Nature and forms of corrosion ....................... 683
  • 9.3.5.2 Corrosion control ........................................ 686
  • 9.3.5.3 Anti-fouling systems ..................................... 688
  • 9.3.5.4 Painting ships ............................................. 689
  • 9.4 Ship construction .................................................................... 691
  • 9.4.1 Introduction ............................................................. 691
  • 9.4.2 Typical examples of structure ....................................... 691
  • 9.4.3 Shipyard layout ......................................................... 691
  • 9.4.4 Ship drawing office, Loftwork and CAD/CAM .................. 692
  • 9.4.4.1 Ship drawing office ....................................... 692
  • 9.4.4.2 Loftwork following drawing office ................... 696
  • 9.4.4.3 Computer Aided Design (CAD)/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) ......................... 698
  • 9.5 Ship economics ....................................................................... 703
  • 9.5.1 Shipowners and operators ............................................ 703
  • 9.5.1.1 Types of trade ............................................. 703
  • 9.5.1.2 Methods of employment ................................ 704
  • 9.5.2 Economic criteria ...................................................... 705
  • 9.5.2.1 The basis of these criteria ............................. 705
  • 9.5.2.2 Interest ..................................................... 705
  • 9.5.2.3 Present worth ............................................. 705
  • 9.5.2.4 Repayment of principal ................................. 705
  • 9.5.2.5 Sinking fund factor ...................................... 706
  • 9.5.2.6 Net present value ........................................ 706
  • 9.5.2.7 Required freight rate .................................... 706
  • 9.5.2.8 Yield ........................................................ 706
  • 9.5.2.9 Inflation and exchange rates .......................... 706
  • 9.5.3 Operating costs ......................................................... 706
  • 9.5.3.1 Capital charges ........................................... 706
  • 9.5.3.2 Capital amortization ..................................... 706
  • 9.5.3.3 Profit and taxes ........................................... 707
  • 9.5.3.4 Depreciation ............................................... 707
  • 9.5.3.5 Ship values ................................................. 707
  • 9.5.4 Daily running costs .................................................... 707
  • 9.5.4.1 Crew costs ................................................. 707
  • 9.5.4.2 Provisions and stores ..................................... 707
  • 9.5.4.3 Maintenance and repair ................................. 708
  • 9.5.4.4 Insurance ................................................... 708
  • 9.5.4.5 Administration and general charges .................. 708
  • 9.5.5 Voyage costs ............................................................ 708
  • 9.5.5.1 Bunkers ..................................................... 708
  • 9.5.5.2 Port and canal dues, pilotage, towage etc. ......... 709
  • 9.5.6 Cargo handling costs .................................................. 709
  • 9.6 Optimization in design and operation ......................................... 709
  • 9.6.1 Overview ................................................................. 709
  • 9.6.2 Introduction to methodology of optimization .................... 709
  • 9.6.3 Scope of application in ship design .............................. 712
  • 9.6.4 Economic basics for optimization .................................. 713
  • 9.6.4.1 Discounting ................................................ 713
  • 9.6.4.2 Initial costs (building costs) ........................... 714
  • 9.6.4.3 Annual income and expenditure ...................... 715
  • 9.6.4.4 The 'cost-difference' method .......................... 716
  • 9.6.4.5 Discontinuities in propulsion unit costs ............. 717
  • 9.6.5 Discussion of some important parameters ........................ 717
  • 9.6.5.1 Width ....................................................... 717
  • 9.6.5.2 Length ...................................................... 717
  • 9.6.5.3 Block coefficient ......................................... 718
  • 9.6.5.4 Speed ....................................................... 719
  • 9.6.6 Special cases of optimization ....................................... 720
  • 9.6.6.1 Optimization of repeat ships .......................... 720
  • 9.6.6.2 Optimizing the dimensions of containerships ...... 721
  • 9.6.7 Developments of the 1980s and 1990s .......................... 722
  • 9.6.7.1 Concept exploration models ............................ 722
  • 9.6.7.2 Optimization shells ...................................... 722
  • References .................................................................................... 724
    -
  • 10. Underwater Vehicles ................................................. 728
  • 10.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 730
  • 10.2 A bit of history ....................................................................... 730
  • 10.2.1 Introduction ............................................................. 730
  • 10.2.2 What is an ROV? ...................................................... 730
  • 10.2.3 In the beginning ....................................................... 731
  • 10.2.4 Today's observation-class vehicles ............................... 735
  • 10.3 ROV design ............................................................................ 735
  • 10.3.1 Underwater vehicles to ROVs ...................................... 736
  • 10.3.1.1 Power source for the vehicle .......................... 737
  • 10.3.1.2 Degree of autonomy ..................................... 737
  • 10.3.1.3 Communications linkage to the vehicle ............ 737
  • 10.3.1.4 Special-use ROVs ........................................ 738
  • 10.3.2 Autonomy plus: 'Why the tether?' ............................... 738
  • 10.3.2.1 An aircraft analogy ...................................... 738
  • 10.3.2.2 Underwater vehicle variations ........................ 739
  • 10.3.2.3 Why the tether? ......................................... 739
  • 10.3.2.4 Tele-operation versus remote control ............... 739
  • 10.3.2.5 Degrees of autonomy ................................... 739
  • 10.3.3 The ROV ................................................................ 740
  • 10.3.3.1 What is the perfect ROV? ............................. 740
  • 10.3.3.2 ROV classifications ...................................... 741
  • 10.3.3.3 Size considerations ...................................... 741
  • 10.3.3.4 Buoyancy and stability .................................. 741
  • 10.3.3.5 Dynamic stability ........................................ 745
  • 10.3.3.6 Vehicle control ........................................... 755
  • 10.3.3.7 Deployment techniques ................................ 757
  • 10.4 ROV components .................................................................... 758
  • 10.4.1 Introduction ............................................................. 758
  • 10.4.2 Mechanical and electro/mechanical systems ................... 759
  • 10.4.2.1 Frame ....................................................... 759
  • 10.4.2.2 Buoyancy .................................................. 759
  • 10.4.2.3 Propulsion and thrust ................................... 759
  • 10.4.3 Primary subsystems ................................................... 766
  • 10.4.3.1 Lighting ................................................... 766
  • 10.4.3.2 Cameras ................................................... 768
  • 10.4.3.3 Sensors .................................................... 768
  • 10.4.3.4 Manipulator and tool pack ............................. 770
  • 10.4.4 Electrical considerations ............................................ 770
  • 10.4.4.1 The tether ................................................. 770
  • 10.4.4.2 Power source ............................................. 773
  • 10.4.4.3 AC versus DC considerations ........................ 773
  • 10.4.4.4 Data throughput .......................................... 773
  • 10.4.4.5 Data transmission and protocol ...................... 774
  • 10.4.4.6 Underwater connectors ................................ 774
  • 10.4.5 Control systems ....................................................... 775
  • 10.4.5.1 The control station ...................................... 777
  • 10.4.5.2 Motor control electronics .............................. 778
  • References .................................................................................... 782
    -
  • 11. Marine Safety ............................................................. 784
  • 11.1 Background ............................................................................ 786
  • 11.1.1 International trade and shipping ................................... 786
  • 11.1.2 The actors in shipping ............................................... 786
  • 11.1.3 The shipowner ......................................................... 786
  • 11.1.4 Safety and economy .................................................. 788
  • 11.1.5 Maritime safety regime .............................................. 789
  • 11.1.6 Why safety improvement is difficult ............................. 791
  • 11.1.7 The risk concept ...................................................... 791
  • 11.1.8 Acceptable risk ........................................................ 792
  • 11.1.9 Conflict of interest ................................................... 792
  • 11.1.10 Expertise and rationality ........................................... 793
  • 11.2 Regulatory authorities ............................................................. 794
  • 11.2.1 Introduction ............................................................. 794
  • 11.2.1.1 The structure of control ................................. 794
  • 11.2.2 International Maritime Organization (IMO) ................... 795
  • 11.2.2.1 SOLAS ..................................................... 795
  • 11.2.2.2 International Convention on Load Lines, 1966 ... 796
  • 11.2.2.3 STCW convention ....................................... 796
  • 11.2.2.4 MARPOL ................................................... 797
  • 11.2.2.5 The ISM Code ............................................ 797
  • 11.2.3 Flag State Control .................................................... 798
  • 11.2.3.1 The Seaworthiness Act ................................. 799
  • 11.2.3.2 Delegation of Flag State Control .................... 799
  • 11.2.3.3 Effectiveness of Flag State Control ................. 799
  • 11.2.3.4 The Flag State Audit Project ......................... 799
  • 11.2.4 Port state control ...................................................... 800
  • 11.2.4.1 UNCLOS ................................................... 800
  • 11.2.4.2 MOUPSC ................................................... 802
  • 11.3 Classification societies ........................................................... 802
  • 11.3.1 Background ............................................................. 802
  • 11.3.2 Rules and regulations ................................................ 805
  • 11.3.3 Lloyds Register ........................................................ 805
  • 11.3.4 Lloyds Register classification symbols .......................... 805
  • 11.3.5 Classification of ships operating in ice ......................... 806
  • 11.3.6 Structural design programs ......................................... 806
  • 11.3.7 Periodical Surveys .................................................... 807
  • 11.3.8 Hull Planned Maintenance Scheme ............................... 808
  • 11.3.9 Damage repairs ........................................................ 808
  • 11.4 Safety of marine systems ........................................................ 808
  • 11.4.1 Introduction ............................................................. 808
  • 11.4.1.1 Background ................................................ 808
  • 11.4.1.2 Safety and reliability development in the maritime industry ............................................. 808
  • 11.4.1.3 Present status ............................................. 809
  • 11.4.1.4 Databases .................................................. 809
  • 11.4.2 Ship safety and accident statistics ................................ 810
  • 11.4.2.1 Background ................................................ 810
  • 11.4.2.2 Code of practice for the safety of small fishing vessels .................................................. 811
  • 11.4.2.3 The Fishing Vessels (Safety Provisions) Safety Rules 1975 .................................................. 812
  • 11.4.2.4 Accident data for fishing vessels .................... 812
  • 11.4.2.5 Data analysis ............................................. 816
  • 11.4.2.6 Containership accident statistics .................... 818
  • 11.4.2.7 Conclusion ................................................. 821
  • 11.4.3 Safety analysis techniques .......................................... 822
  • 11.4.3.1 Background ................................................ 822
  • 11.4.3.2 Qualitative safety analysis ............................ 822
  • 11.4.3.3 Quantitative safety analysis .......................... 823
  • 11.4.3.4 Cause and effect relationship ......................... 825
  • 11.4.3.5 Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) .................. 826
  • 11.4.3.6 What-if analysis ......................................... 827
  • 11.4.3.7 HAZard and OPerability (HAZOP) studies ........ 827
  • 11.4.3.8 Fault tree analysis (FTA) .............................. 829
  • 11.4.3.9 Event tree analysis ..................................... 834
  • 11.4.3.10 Markov chains .......................................... 835
  • 11.4.3.11 Failure mode, effects and critical analysis (FMECA) ................................................... 836
  • 11.4.3.12 Other analysis methods ............................... 838
  • 11.4.3.13 Conclusion ................................................ 838
  • 11.4.4 Formal safety assessment of ships and its relation to offshore safety case approach ................................ 839
  • 11.4.4.1 Offshore safety assessment ........................... 839
  • 11.4.4.2 Formal ship safety assessment ....................... 845
  • 11.4.4.3 Risk criteria .............................................. 847
  • 11.4.4.4 Discussion and conclusion ............................. 848
  • 11.4.5 Formal safety assessment (FSA) .................................. 849
  • 11.4.5.1 Formal safety assessment .............................. 849
  • 11.5 Safety management of ship stability ......................................... 853
  • 11.5.1 Introduction ............................................................. 853
  • 11.5.1.1 Need to introduce a ship stability management system .............................................. 853
  • 11.5.1.2 Tools of efficient stability management ............ 853
  • 11.5.1.3 The master's range of judgement for operational stability assessment .......................... 854
  • 11.5.1.4 Seakeeping guidance and survivability criteria ... 855
  • 11.5.2 Guidelines on in-service ship stability .......................... 859
  • 11.5.2.1 Purpose of guidelines for operational stability ... 859
  • 11.5.2.2 Loading and stability manual .......................... 859
  • 11.5.2.3 Guidelines on the management of ship stability ... 860
  • 11.5.2.4 Guidance to the master for avoiding dangerous situations in following and quartering seas ... 861
  • 11.5.2.5 International safety management code (ISM) ...... 866
  • 11.5.3 The human factor. Maritime education and training ........ 867
  • 11.5.4 Operational stability in the future - A wishful forecast ... 868
  • References .................................................................................... 869
    -
  • 12. Glossary of Terms and Definitions ............................. 876
  • 12.1 Abbreviations ......................................................................... 878
  • 12.2 Symbols ................................................................................ 879
  • 12.3 Terms and definitions .............................................................. 881
    -
  • Author Biographies .................................................................... 887
    -
  • Index ........................................................................................ 889

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